Bacteria-related zoonoses
Zoonoses (from Greek zoon "living" and nosos "disease") are from animal to human or from human to animal transmitted infections. The definition of the World Health Organization (WHO) from 1959 states restrictive that zoonoses are diseases and infections, which naturally between humans and other vertebrates can be transferred.
Campylobacteriosis
Campylobacter (C.) jejuni, with 56,400 cases reported illness in the year 2002 (54.600 in 2001) after the second of salmonella pathogens in Germany in connection with diarrheal diseases in humans is demonstrated. This bacterial species is also in dogs (infection rate in adult animals to 50%; for puppies up to 75%) and cats (infection rate up to 45%) before. According to current knowledge, the isolation rates for these pets less of the existence of intestinal diseases, but rather the origin of the animals affected. For dogs and cats in private households, the C. jejuni-Nachchweisraten lower than in animals from the shelter. Above all, newly acquired puppies and young dogs up to half a year, often separators of C. jejuni, even without symptoms record.
In Great Britain were up to 5% of the people officially registered C. jejuni-bedidingten diarrhea on alleged contact with dogs or their secretions returned. In the British study was also a significant link between cases of campylobacter - bowel disease (enteritis) in under 5 years old children and the presence of a puppy found in the household. Similar surveys have been in Germany has not yet implemented. Cats seem to date worldwide communications much less than actual source of infection for humans to come into consideration.
Chlamydophila psittaci infections (ornithosis / psittacosis)
From birds to humans transmitted Chlamydophila (C.) psittaci-Infefektionen be in accordance with the Infection Protection Act (IfSG) under the term ornithosis led. But the Animal Disease Act between Psittacosis (diseases Psittaziden [parrots]) and ornithosis (diseases in other species) can be distinguished. A compilation of all the birds, which have hitherto proved chlamydia could be supplied with nearly 380 species of birds an unusually broad host range.
The most common source of infection for humans are no longer imported parrots, but rather from domestic breeds derived Psittaziden and especially wave and nymph parakeets, but also other birds native dar. From Denmark is reported that at 80-ornithosis human diseases in 21 cases (26%), parrots and canaries, in 11 cases (14%), pigeons, in 10 cases (13%) as well as chickens and ducks in 16 cases (20%) of unknown bird species, the sources of infection for humans were. In 6 cases (7%) had a career-related exposure (poultry abattoir, pet stores), while in another 16 cases (20%) the actual source of infection could not be determined. The conditions in Denmark are also likely true for Germany.
In addition to the reported here ornithosis cases of people (in 2000: 86, 2001: 56, 2002: 40) is still a real figure to be suspect. The ornithosis runs when people with different pathologies. These range from inconspicuous infections have mild "flu" symptoms, often accompanied by headache, muscle and joint pain, to severe life histories, with a high fever, severe headache, pneumonia and consciousness can be accompanied turbidity. The disease is especially strong when caress (so-called trimming) with birds possible.
Chlamydia can not only in birds but also in various mammalian species Horn and conjunctivitis of the eyes, lungs and joint inflammation, diarrhea or cause a miscarriage. Up to 24% of dogs (9% in Austria) and up to 13% of cats (in Switzerland up to 32%) had antibodies to C. psittaci (now designated as Chlamydophila felis) [15]. In German publications are always case descriptions on the incidence of chlamydia infections in humans, particularly in relation to eye conjunctivitis, for the cats with eyes effluent as a direct source of infection could be held responsible. That is a fact that in human medicine, too little attention is paid.
EHEC infections
In Germany, in 2001 people in connection with diarrhea about 1,000 infections with EHEC (Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli), officially registered. Not the number of diseases is worrying, but rather the fact that at 5-10% of EHEC infections urämische the haemolytic syndrome (HUS) as a complication, particularly in children often occurs. This has serious health problems (kidney failure) to follow.
Recent findings suggest that dogs and cats as a direct source of infection for humans only a secondary importance. So far, in Germany still not a case of EHEC infection in humans reliable evidence, the outcome of his dog, cat or other pet has taken. On the other hand, was informed of the infection with EHEC by consumption of raw milk, direct contact with calves, or human-to-human transmission have frequently been reported.
Cat-Scratch Disease (Bartonellose)
As a natural reservoir for the pathogen of cat scratch disease, Bartonella (B.) henselae (belonging to the so-called Proteo bacteria) are due to worldwide epidemiological surveys carried out only to cats. With B. henselae infected cats show no clinical symptoms. In southern Germany were pathogen in 13% of investigated clinically proven healthy cats, 85% of the animals with a pathogen detection were younger than 2 years. From the Netherlands and from France will be on isolation rates of up to 22% and up to 53% reported.
The pathogen transmission to humans primarily through bite and scratch wounds, or by direct contact with young cats as dirt and grease infection. The disease starts when people like a grippaler infection, then leads to purulent inflammatory lymph node swelling, usually unilaterally in the area of the neck, armpit or Leistenbeuge occur.
The cat scratch disease in Germany is currently under diagnosed. According to available figures from the U.S. - where the disease each year over 20,000 people attended the cat scratch disease, of which about 2,000 are hospitalized - would actually here from 1500 to 2000 with diseases each year can be expected.
Pasteurellose
After dog bites in about 5%, after cat bite and scratch injuries (mostly very deep wounds) in approximately 20 to 50% of cases of infection with Ellen Pasteur occur mainly with the species Pasteurella (P.) multocida, also with P. dagmatis, P . canis or Mannheimia hämolytica. This gram-negative bacteria in a different frequency than normal people in the oral cavity of dogs (detection rate up to 50%) or cats (detection rate from 75 to 90%) without, in these animals cause disease symptoms.
When people are in line with the transfer of priority wound, often with purulent abscesses and lymph nodes and bone skin inflammation associated. Not infrequently, there is a mismatch between the clinical symptoms nor low and strong subjective complaints.
Salmonellosis
In Germany, reported salmonella infections in humans (in 2000: 79,500 2001: 77,400, 2002: 72,400) estimated to represent only 10 to 20% of actual cases of disease occurring. 65 to 75% of all people registered with salmonella infections, mainly as diarrhea run by Salmonella (S.) Enteritidis causes around 20% by S. Typhimurium and the rest by other serovar.
Approximately 10% of all human Salmonella illnesses associated with diarrhea symptoms, are in direct contact with salmonella, outgoing dogs, cats and especially reptiles attributed [17]. Missing or insufficient compliance with hygiene measures, such as washing hands after contact with these animals or their secretions, the transfer of Salmonella to humans favor. Of these children are particularly affected.
The infection of dogs and cats with salmonella should be particularly on the feeding of raw offal, such as uncooked offal made. Industrially produced and properly sterilisiertes finished feed has no or only very rarely to salmonella. According to surveys by the former BgVV (Federal Institute for Health Protection and Veterinary Medicine) in Germany in 1998 to 1.9% (18 out of 974) of the examined samples of food for dogs and cats found salmonella.
It's been known that in Germany different reptile species are sometimes considerable reservoir of salmonella. These tortoises are of great interest because they particularly like children very often "live toys" are treated. The few so far in Germany were carried out in tortoises from households and Zoohandlungen salmonella detection rates of up to 63%. These were for people in "traditional"-enteritis Salmonella typhimurium P. (detection rate 1.3%) and S. enteritidis (detection rate 0.1%), as well as other home Reptilienarten held, but rarely found. Exchange Warm animals housed Salmonella, often several species coexist, without themselves becoming ill and gram-negative bacteria can also be eliminated for years.
For other pets, such as rabbits (0.6%) or guinea pig (0.8%), Salmonella come here very rarely. Therefore, they are in Germany so far only in the rarest of cases as a source of infection for humans have been described.
Mycobacteria infection
Tuberculosis
Since the end of the state bovine TB control nearly 40 years ago come tuberculosis disease in dogs and cats in Germany is extremely rare. The Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the University of Giessen was from 1954 to 1964 in dogs 43, 1977 to 1987, only two more cases of tuberculosis diagnosed. Recently, on a case of pulmonary tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis, with a cat out of the area of Munich reported. Since the occurrence of M. tuberculosis (causative agent of tuberculosis in humans), or M. bovis (the actual agents of bovine tuberculosis, which in humans may cause disease) in dogs, cats or other pets is uncommon, can be used in such a case will be accepted that in the vicinity of the animals with an unrecognized human excrement is to be expected.
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